venerdì 30 dicembre 2011
mercoledì 28 dicembre 2011
lunedì 26 dicembre 2011
domenica 25 dicembre 2011
venerdì 23 dicembre 2011
sabato 10 dicembre 2011
venerdì 9 dicembre 2011
mercoledì 7 dicembre 2011
The Bedside Baccalaureate: A Handy Daily Cerebral Primer to Fill in the Gaps, Refresh Your Knowledge & Impress Yourself & Other Intellectuals
The goal of The Bedside Baccalaureate is not the simple accumulation of trivia, but the placement of facts within the framework of knowledge. The 20 courses?focused overviews of subjects with which any well-educated person would want to be familiar?are created by experts in their fields with the intention of making the topics accessible and entertaining. Each course consists of 18 one-page lectures that maximize clarity without compromising the integrity of the ideas. The lectures are rotated, rather than clumped together, to add variety to the reading experience and to mimic the heady mix of subjects one encounters in the world of the intellect. You can dip into an assortment of areas by reading a page at a time; or, if a course really grabs you, you can skip ahead. Learning is contagious?once you get started, it’s difficult to stop.
?Philosophy
?World History
?Economics
?English and Comparative Literature
?Classics
?Art History
?Environmental Science
?Mathematics and Engineering
?Physical Sciences
?Social Science
Price: $22.95
Orthopedic Management of Cerebral Palsy, An Issue of Orthopedic Clinics (The Clinics: Orthopedics)
Articles in this issue include "Epidemiology of Cerebral Palsy", "Classification of Cerebral Palsy", "Examination of the Child with Cerebral Palsy", "Gait Analysis in Cerebral Palsy", "Management of Spasticity in Cerebral Palsy", "Surgery of the Upper Extremity in Cerebral Palsy", "Spine Surgery in Cerebral Palsy", "The Hip in Cerebral Palsy", "The Knee in Cerebral Palsy", "The Foot and Ankle in Cerebral Palsy", "Orthopedic Care of the Adult with Cerebral Palsy."Price: $105.00
lunedì 5 dicembre 2011
Welcome Home, Precious Preemie!
Guide To Parents With Premature Babies- Written By A Mother Of Two Micro Premature Babies. The Author Has The Experience And Know-how Of What Is Required Once The Baby Comes Home From It's Extended Hospital Stay And Wrote This Guide To Help New Parents.
Check it out!
Sensuality Series, Bedtime Stories For Adults
Download A Little Seduction Tonight With The Best-selling Sensuality Series. Each Book Includes 6 Short Stories For Couples. A Favorite For Long Distance Relationships, Learning Sensual Technique And Spicing Up A Marriage.
Check it out!
venerdì 8 luglio 2011
The Cerebral Code: Thinking a Thought in the Mosaics of the Mind
The Cerebral Code is a new understanding of how Darwinian processes could operate in the brain to shape mental images in only seconds, starting with shuffled memories no better than the jumble of our nighttime dreams, but evolving into something of quality, such as a sentence to speak aloud. Jung said that dreaming goes on continuously but you can't see it when you are awake, just as you can't see the stars in the daylight because it is too bright. Calvin's is a theory for what goes on, hidden from view by the glare of waking mental operations, that produces our peculiarly human type of consciousness with its versatile intelligence.As Piaget emphasized in 1929, intelligence is what we use when we don't know what to do, when we have to grope rather than using a standard response. Calvin tackles a mechanism for doing this exploration and improvement offline, as we think before we act or practice the art of good guessing.Surprisingly, the subtitle's mosaics of the mind is not a literary metaphor. For the first time, it is a description of a mechanism of what appears to be an appropriate level of explanation for many mental phenomena, that of hexagonal mosaics of electrical activity that compete for territory in the association cortex of the brain. This two-dimensional mosaic is predicted to grow and dissolve much as the sugar crystals do in the bottom of a supersaturated glass of iced tea.A Bradford Book
Price: $24.00
Baby Gender Selection Program-Brand New Product!
Incredible 8.29% conversion rate!!3 Easy Steps in Choosing Your Baby's Gender Before Conception!Choose the sex of your baby today! Safe and Effective! http://babygendercenter.com/aff.html
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Corticonics: Neural Circuits of the Cerebral Cortex
This book fulfills that need by combining studies of anatomy and physiology and mathematical and computer modeling to obtain a quantitative description of cortical functions. The material is presented didactically; it starts with descriptive anatomy and comprehensively examines all aspects of modeling. The book gradually leads the reader from a macroscopic view of cortical anatomy and a description of standard electrophysiological properties of single neurons to neural network models and synchronous firing chains of neurons. Along the way, the most modern trends of neural network modeling are explored.Price: $58.00
sabato 18 giugno 2011
The Making of Legend (Cerebral Network)
In the year 3747, a scientist performed a dangerous experiment on his son. It's now 3773; political corruption, betrayal and deception are rife, and the son, General Andrew Biman, is now a man.Andrew is a darling of the populace and a favorite of the monarchy. When the queen invites him to join the inter-planetary Congress, Andrew lets fly his plans to re-instate a republic, setting in motion a legislative firestorm. He is soon framed for murder, branded a traitor and on the run.
Stealing a prototype warship, Andrew flees his home city, rescues a sarcastic princess from pirates and ignites a civil war - alienating his few allies in the process with his crushing arrogance. While he clashes with the princess, his envious first mate, and a promiscuous navigator, enemies amass their forces. Vulnerable, Andrew strikes deep into the heart of enemy territory with a fool’s hope…until he discovers his father’s experiment, implanted within him a lifetime ago.
Price: $0.99
domenica 5 giugno 2011
Cerebral Palsy Children - Causes and Impacts of Cerebral Palsy
A child with cerebral palsy has special needs and the severity of their condition will determine how much care a child requires. More often than not children need wheelchairs, they go through many surgeries and they go through different kinds of therapy such as physical, occupational and speech therapy. Meeting the needs of a child that has cerebral palsy can be financially overbearing and parents need to be aware that they can get support from local, national, or non-profit organizations in their area. However parents may, also, be entitled to other compensation through a lawsuit if there was medical malpractice involved.
Was Your Child Harmed by Medical Malpractice?
Cerebral Palsy is caused by brain damage before or during child birth. Many factors contribute to the development of cerebral palsy. Possibilities that can contribute to this are infections to newborns, low birth weight, jaundice, seizures, just to name a few. On the other hand there are a small percentage of children with cerebral palsy that is caused by medical malpractice that could have been prevented such as complications during delivery or lack of oxygen.
Medical professionals are to respond to any complications promptly and they should take the proper precautions to reduce risks to the child and mother. This is not always possible and medical professionals can and do fail in this commitment and the results can be devastating. They need to be held responsible for the damages that are suffered.
A Cerebral Palsy Lawyer Can Help
The treatment of a child with cerebral palsy can cost hundreds of thousands of dollars throughout their life. If medical malpractice is responsible for the state of your child, a cerebral palsy lawyer can help you to obtain the necessary money to provide the care of your child.
It is important to note that the cases of medical malpractice are prone to a statute of the limitations. This means that a non-negotiable deadline will apply to the classification of your lawsuit, if you are eligible. To ensure your rights are fully protected, you should contact a lawyer as soon as you suspect that your child has cerebral palsy due to medical malpractice.
David Austin is an Attorney focused on complex injury cases. You can learn more about Cerebral Palsy Children at his website, Burke-Eisner.com
Pregnancy - What Causes Cerebral Palsy?
Cerebral palsy results from damage to certain parts of the developing brain which can occur early in pregnancy when the brain is just starting to form (in about 75 percent of cases), during the birth process as the child passes through the birth canal (in about 5 percent of cases), or after birth in the first few years of life (in about 15 percent of cases). The exact cause of the brain damage is generally never known. Cerebral palsy is not genetic or hereditary.
Following are risk factors for cerebral palsy:
Premature deliveries. Between 40- to 50-percent of children who develop cerebral palsy were born prematurely. Premature infants are at higher risk because their organs are not yet fully developed, thus increasing the risk of asphyxia and other injury to the brain. Low birth weight from premature births or infants of multiple births is also a risk factor for cerebral palsy.
Periventricular leukomalacia. An important cause of cerebral palsy is periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) which is characterized by the death of the white matter near the cerebral ventricles due to softening of the brain tissue. It can affect fetuses or newborns. Premature babies are at the greatest risk of the disorder.
Infections during pregnancy. Infections in the mother, even infections that are not easily detected, may triple the risk of the child developing the disorder, mainly as the result of toxicity to the fetal brain of cytokines that are produced as part of the inflammatory response.
After birth, causes of cerebral palsy include toxins, severe jaundice, lead poisoning, physical brain injury, shaken baby syndrome, incidents involving hypoxia to the brain (such as near drowning), encephalitis, or meningitis. The three most common causes of asphyxia in the young child are: choking on foreign objects such as toys and pieces of food, poisoning, and near drowning.
Hilary Basile is a writer for MyGuidesUSA.com. At http://www.myguidesusa.com you will find valuable tips and resources for handling life's major events. Whether you're planning a wedding, buying your first home, anxiously awaiting the birth of a child, contending with a divorce, searching for a new job, or planning for your retirement, you'll find answers to your questions at MyGuidesUSA.com.
Find information on the causes and risk factors of cerebral palsy, symptoms and types of cerebral palsy, diagnosing cerebral palsy, and treatment and care of cerebral palsy at http://cerebralpalsy.myguidesusa.com and tips and resources for becoming a parent at http://becomingaparent.myguidesusa.com
The Cerefy Atlas of Cerebral Vasculature/CD-ROM
Highlights
-Fully 3-D – with 3-D measurements and stereotactic coordinates
-Handy self-testing and assessment mode
-Numerous meta-links to background information, variability and useful references – including 215 pages of text and 100 images derived from Thieme material
-All vessels segmented and clearly labeled with their name and diameter – aspects often difficult to see in textbooks
-Color coding for rapid identification of the different subgroups and branches of the arterial and venous systems
The Cerefy® Atlas of Cerebral Vasculature is a powerful tool for every student, practitioner and educator in the clinical and basic neurosciences, including neurosurgeons, neuroradiologists and interventional radiologists.
Please visit www.cerefy.com, the Brain Atlas related web site.
Price: $209.95
How Can Cerebral Palsy Be Diagnosed?
Doctors and Scientists are amazed at the way the brain works and its growth is even more unbelievable. This is what nature has given us a startling piece of mini computer fitted neatly inside our tiny cranium. It is when this tiny piece of matter happens to have a small problem that a human being gets affected with some disorder. It so happens, that when a baby is in the neo natal stage or is just being born, there are chances that the area of the brain that is in charge of muscle control can be damaged and this leads to what is called Cerebral Palsy. While "Cerebral" refers to the brain, "palsy" refers to the condition of the muscles.
Many parents want to know what symptoms they should look for in their child if they need to find out if their child has cerebral palsy. There are various symptoms, which children who have cerebral palsy are likely to exhibit. These kids may appear clumps or they may not be able to walk steadily. It happens that many children with this disorder will find that use of their hands and feet become difficult. Some find it hard to breathe and can even struggle to say a few words. Children with cerebral palsy will not be able to have full control over their limbs, mouth, throat and tongue and that's why they are slow I what ever they do be it speech or walk or even moving their hands to hold anything. These are some ways through which cerebral palsy diagnosis can be done.
If you have a baby who is just a few months old, you will realize that your infant tends to become stiff or keeps arching its back or even keeps stretching out its neck whenever you happen to hold this child in your arms. Older infants will find it difficult to hold an object in their hands and may keep dropping them. They also show signs of slow growth in reaching the milestones like turning over, crawling; sitting which normal infants would do with ease. Most children also have seizures if they have cerebral palsy and have jerky movements that appear clumsy.
Most parents often notice that their children are exhibiting unusual behavior and so seek a pediatrician's advice. This will give them an insight that they have an abnormal baby in their hands and this child needs special care. Medical fraternity is yet to stumble upon any clear-cut diagnosis for cerebral palsy as there is no single test available for it yet. Only physicians after running a series of tests would be able to confirm if your child has cerebral palsy.
It is advisable for parents to seek medical help and advice immediately if they happen to notice any unusual behavior in their child. In addition, parents should notice if their infants have proper alignment of their eyes, as this is another important symptom that children with cerebral palsy exhibit. Doctors can diagnose cerebral palsy before a child is eighteen months old.
Melvin Kops, the author of many articles regarding health, nutrition and medicine is an expert in his field. Well qualified in medicine, Kops has been writing about various diseases, their causes and their possible cures. Having a keen interest in writing, Kops has coupled his knowledge of medicine with his flair of writing to dispense information about various diseases and cures.
Perceptual Neuroscience: The Cerebral Cortex
The cerebral cortex, occupying over 70 percent of our brain mass, is key to any understanding of the workings--and disorders--of the human brain. offering a comprehensive account of the role of the cerebral cortex in perception, this monumental work by one of the world's greatest living neuroscientists does nothing short of creating a new subdiscipline in the field: perceptual neuroscience.
For this undertaking, Vernon Mountcastle has gathered information from a vast number of sources reaching back through two centuries of investigation into the intrinsic operations of the cortex. His survey includes phylogenetic, comparative, and neuroanatomical studies of the neocortex; studies of the large-scale organization of the neocortex, of neuronal histogenesis and the specification of cortical areas, of synaptic transmission between neurons in cortical microcircuits, and of rhythmicity and synchronization in neocortical networks; and inquiries into the binding problem--how activities among the separate processing nodes of distributed systems coalesce in a coherent activity that we call perception.
The first book to summarize what is known about the physiology of the cortex in perception, Perceptual Neuroscience will be a landmark in the literature of neuroscience.
Price: $93.50
sabato 4 giugno 2011
The Two-cent Jelly Bean Girl: A Story About Cerebral Palsy
A surprising story of a girl born with cerebral palsy. A good read!!Price: $12.99
Helping a Coworker With Cerebral Palsy
Has a colleague recently been diagnosed with cerebral palsy? If so, you may be wondering how you can help him or her through this difficult period. Here, we'll provide some ways that you can show your support without feeling uncomfortable (or making anyone else feel awkward).
1. Be a Good Listener
If your coworker tells you he or she has cerebral palsy, don't suddenly launch into a long monologue about your aunt who died who had the condition. Instead, keep your lips closed, nod, and just listen. Your colleague probably is very worried about the cerebral palsy diagnosis and likely wants to talk with you, not be "wowed" by your knowledge of the subject. Obviously, if he or she asks you a question, you can speak... just don't take over the conversation.
2. Offer to Help... but Be Specific
There's nothing wrong with offering to help a friend who has been diagnosed with cerebral palsy, but make sure you're specific. Don't simply say, "Can I help you?", as doing so puts an undue onus on the cerebral palsy victim to figure out how you can be of service. Instead, ask, "Do you need any rides to appointments? I'd love to come with you," or, "I make a mean meatloaf and my family adores my grandmother's lasagna recipe. Why don't I put together some dinners so you don't have to worry about cooking for the next few days?" That way, your friend with cerebral palsy can say "yes" or "no" to specific requests.
3. Hold Back on Gossip
The office will no doubt be buzzing with gossip, especially about your coworker's cerebral palsy (it's difficult to keep things like this quiet.) However, if you want to be a helpful colleague, resist the temptation to engage in discussions about the cerebral palsy. Even if you're dying to join your office mates in a rip-roaring speculative conversation about cerebral palsy, don't do it. By staying silent, you'll be showing your coworker that you respect his or her privacy.
4. Be Observant
Finally, if a teammate has confided in you that he or she has cerebral palsy, make sure you're observant. If you notice that tasks are becoming particularly difficult for him or her, ask him or her in private if they think it's because of the cerebral palsy and, if it is, how you can help.
P Abbey owns and operates http://www.cerebralpalsyissues.com
Cerebral Palsy
Proper Care of a Cerebral Palsied Infant
Cerebral palsy is a neurological disease that is characterized by low or non-coordination of muscles to body movements. The disease is caused by a partial or total damage to the brain during the early stages of life. There are instances that infants that are not yet born, those still inside the womb may acquire such disease when proper care of the mother is not done.
The word cerebral is a term used by medical people to talk about the brain. The word is an adjective of cerebrum, a part of the brain that is responsible from sending neurons to the muscles. It is the one that lets human move. The term palsy on the other hand, means posture or movement disorder. Summing up the two terms and their meaning, one can arrive at one concrete meaning. Cerebral palsy based on the analogy is a disorder or imbalance in the muscle movement due to low or non-coordination of the brain.
Because the disease mostly develops during the early stages of life, the primary victims of such disease or disorder are the infants. When an infant experiences difficulty in breathing, in suckling or can bowel easily during first weeks of child birth, the same must be carefully observed. The following biological process involves the movement of the muscle. If those processes respond negatively there is a higher possibility that the child has cerebral palsy.
Infants are generally not easy to take care of. They have no natural communicating device except their baby cries. Cerebral palsied infants need extra care due to their low or non-reaction of the brain. Here are some tips to be done in proper caring for a cerebral palsied infant:
? Do not be intimidated or be shy in asking your paediatrician for the proper care of your child. There are special treatments that must be done to affect infants but you need to know it through your paediatrician. Since cerebral palsy is directly connected to body movements and the brain, there are brain and muscle therapies that are needed to be done but with the supervision or upon the prescription of professional practitioners.
? Be sensitive to your baby?s movements or reactions. Infants affected by cerebral palsy may cry often due to inability to physically react to brain. You must not take your child?s needs for granted.
? Treat your baby the normal way. Play with him. It is very important to have time for your child when you can bond with him. Psychologically, it will help your child.
Cerebral palsied infants are no ordinary babies but need to be regarded as normal. Special care and attention is needed. You can have them treated fully or at least partially.
This content is provided by Low Jeremy. It may be used only in its entirety with all links included. For more information on cerebral palsy, what causes it & where to get advice, please visit http://cerebral-palsy.articlekeep.com
Cerebral Palsy Support Group - Learn to Care and Desire to Share
Cerebral palsy can attack anybody regardless of age and status in life. This is why many people have seen this situation as a catalyst for many people to participate in movements and associations that advocate assistance to people with cerebral palsy. It is the right time for everyone to learn about caring, sharing and reaching out.
United Cerebral Palsy Associations, Inc or the UCPA was established for the general welfare of the cerebral patients. This supports the affiliates from various localities that do some programs for parents, adults and children with cerebral palsy. This national association has a total number of groups that has reached as high as 140 affiliates.
Its primary undertaking is to create linkage from an individual to a concerned group for promoting proper information dissemination regarding the necessary treatments and therapies that should be done for the patients.
The task for searching a support group for the said concern is made easier through the Internet. You can start by connecting to the website of the UCPA where you can derive your connection to a certain group that you think can help you.
You can also get referrals from your families? or friends? doctors to give you the basic information about cerebral palsy first. Most of them also know some support groups that are holding responsibility over the needs of the patients. You can begin with the local support groups and connect to the higher level once acknowledged.
Since medical specialists are exposed to various people with different situations, they are more probably familiar about the extensive support groups for cerebral palsy patients.
The United Cerebral Palsy Associations has a wide-ranging website comprised of bulk of information. You can have your access to the site by just typing its address in your desktop. This will be a great tool for you in answering your major queries. Most of the state branches and affiliates also have their specified websites. You will find it more helpful because it has links and reference information.
But aside from the UCPA, there are countless of others in the Internet that can be found. Just typing ?Cerebral Palsy Support Group? in a search engine will provide a great number of sites you can go to. There you can be able to ask your questions in the forums and they can provide you with the answers.
This content is provided by Low Jeremy and may be used only in its entirety with all links included. For more info on cerebral palsy, please visit http://cerebral-palsy.articlekeep.com
What Exactly Is Cerebral Palsy?
Understanding cerebral palsy is the first step towards preventing it. Cerebral palsy is a condition when muscle movements and posture is affected (palsy) due to brain damage (cerebral). Unlike chicken pox or measles, cerebral palsy is not a disease but it is a condition. It is not communicable and although there is no cure it is not progressive, as brain damage does not increase over time.
Around a hundred and fifty years ago an English surgeon named William Little first documented and collected information on a peculiar condition that affected children in their early years leading to stiff, spastic muscles in their legs and to a lesser degree their arms. Little found that this condition did not worsen over the years nor did it improve. This condition, known for many years as Little's disease, is today known as spastic diplegia, one of several types of cerebral palsy.
Cerebral palsy is a very diverse and complex condition with different people being affected differently. Each specific case is, therefore, as individualistic as the individual patients themselves. It is characterized by an inability to fully control motor function, particularly muscle control and coordination.
Depending on which areas of the brain have been damaged, one or more of the following may occur: muscle tightness or spasticity; involuntary movement; disturbance in gait (walk) or mobility, difficulty in swallowing and problems with speech. In addition, the following symptoms are sometimes associated with cerebral palsy: abnormal sensation and perception; impairment of sight, hearing or speech; seizures; and/or mental retardation. Other problems that may arise are difficulties in feeding, bladder and bowel control, problems with breathing because of postural difficulties, skin disorders because of pressure sores, and learning disabilities.
Despite the pain and suffering that cerebral palsy patients and their caregivers have to bear, the most heartening thing about this disorder is that today there are many measures that can be taken to try and prevent its onset. Tests and prenatal care can prepare a woman and alert her when possible causes arise.
Pregnant women are tested routinely for the Rh factor and, if Rh negative, they can be immunized within 72 hours after the birth (or after the pregnancy terminates) and thereby prevent adverse consequences of blood incompatibility in a subsequent pregnancy. If the woman has not been immunized, the consequences of blood incompatibility in the newborn can be prevented by exchange transfusion in the baby. If a newborn baby has jaundice, this can be treated with phytotherapy (light therapy), which breaks down the bilirubin around the brain. Immunization against measles for all women who have not had measles and are susceptible to becoming pregnant is an essential preventative measure.
Other preventative programs as well as facts about cerebral palsy are directed towards the prevention of prematurity; reducing the exposure of pregnant women to virus and other infections; recognition and treatment of bacterial infection of the maternal reproductive and urinary tracts; avoiding unnecessary exposure to X-rays, drugs and medications; and the control of diabetes, anemia and nutritional deficiencies. Of great importance is optimal well being prior to conception, adequate prenatal care, and protecting infants from accidents or injury.
Although incurable, the disorder can be treated and managed to provide relief to patients. With doctors accumulating new knowledge and information about the disorder every passing day, new techniques and treatments are coming to the fore. Botox, or botulism toxin, is the newest treatment to show high success rates. The Botulism toxin relieves cerebral palsy symptoms by reducing tightness in muscles, which allows better control of movement, and increasing the stretch of muscles, reducing the risk of permanent muscle contractions. In recent tests, some children were even able to write with a pen or use a computer touch screen to communicate for the first time. The continuous finding of new information on cerebral palsy leaves the door wide open for the future of cerebral palsy treatment.
Jennifer Petry recommends you visit http://www.cerebralpalsysource.com/ for more information on cerebral palsy.
Cerebral Revascularization: Microsurgical and Endovascular Techniques
A detailed introduction familiarizes readers with the various indications for these technically demanding procedures. Concise chapters then supply thorough coverage of surgical strategies, complications, and outcomes using case examples from the authors' own collections to help prepare readers for surgery. Enhancing the text throughout, operative photographs and angiographic images clearly demonstrate the pre-, peri-, and postoperative management of ischemic stroke, giant aneurysms, and the spectrum of complex cerebrovascular diseases.
Features
- Extensive coverage of extracranial-intracranial bypass and the latest in endovascular therapy
- 369 high-quality operative photographs and endovascular images illustrate key concepts
- A unique emphasis on the vital role perioperative care plays in optimizing patient outcomes
Neurosurgeons, residents, and fellows will regularly refer to this definitive guide in both the operating room and the catheterization lab. It is also an indispensable resource for interventional radiologists, neurologists, vascular neurosurgeons, or for anyone who needs to learn more about these cutting-edge cerebral revascularization techniques.
Price: $149.95
giovedì 2 giugno 2011
Cerebral Palsy Symptoms and Conditions
Cerebral palsy symptoms vary from case to case. This condition is caused by damage to the brain that manages motor control. It can occur during pregnancy, childbirth or after the child is born. If if shows up after the child is born, it will happen no later than 3 years old. This is a permanent condition that restricts normal movement and posture.
Symptoms can range from problems with fine motor tasks such as writing. Or it can be much more serious where an individual is incapable of standing or walking. Severe cased suffer involuntary movements, such as uncontrollable motions, seizures and mental retardation.
Every case of cerebral palsy manifests trouble with skeletal and muscular development. This alters muscle strength and coordination. There are often skeletal deformities that make normal movement impossible. This typically involves spasms, inability to balance oneself, involuntary movements and facial gestures and many other problems.
Scissor walking and toe walking are common cerebral palsy symptoms. These issues with motor function can be mild or more severe. Some individuals with this condition can still function and get around, while others are rendered helpless. Depending on the location of the damage to the brain, there are some individuals with cerebral palsy that are affected by only one side of the body. If the brain's right side is damaged, then this result in the left side of the body having limited mobility issues.
Babies born with severe cerebral palsy do not have normal posture. They can be either immobile in certain parts of the body or overly movable. It depends on the severity of the condition. Symptoms may change as a child gets older. Some babies do not show symptoms immediately. For those that do not show the symptoms right away will normally show signs by nine months of age.
Other symptoms may include epilepsy and other communication disorders. Eating disorders, sensory impairments, mental retardation and sometimes behavioral disorders can be additional symptoms. A person's speech will be impaired usually sounding slurred. This is one of many of the very frustrating symptoms of this condition.
Uncontrollable shaking of the limbs on one side of the body is another common symptom. This are called hemiparetic tremors. If if is very severe, the tremors can seriously impair movement. With cerebral palsy, muscles will be very tight and well not stretch well. The muscles may actually further tighten as the disease progresses over time. It typically affects the arms. Trouble swallowing is another common symptom. Individuals with cerebral palsy that experience problems controlling their tongue and mouth motions may have problems eating and drinking. They will also have a tendency to drool.
Cerebral palsy symptoms are sometimes undetectable until the child reaches a certain age. The most common symptoms are mental disabilities, vision impairments, uncontrollable seizures, and motor problems with the mouth and tongue. This is a horrible condition that has no cure. Not much is known about the cause but there are some medications available to help individuals manage the involuntary movements.
There are new cerebral palsy treatments available. Research on this horrible disease is increasing. To learn more visit: Cerebral Palsy Symptoms
What Are the Cures for Cerebral Palsy?
The term cerebral palsy encompasses group of disorders which affect human development by causing disability in posture, movement and in balance. Though there is no cure for cerebral palsy, medical research has shown that practice of certain therapies or treatments can amend patient's quality of life and help make living with this disorder a little easier.
Speech therapy is one of the treatments which help an individual suffering from cerebral palsy to communicate more clearly. This therapy not only improves the speaking ability but also includes the practice of sign language. Physical therapy is another type of healing therapy of cerebral palsy. This therapy helps in improving the strength of the muscles and aids in intensifying the muscle flexibility. Thus this treatment gradually results in increasing the diseased individual's motor skills and hence an individual develops the ability to do the things on his own. For example walking, going to school, and so forth.
Orthopedic surgery is believed to be one of the highly effective cerebral therapies. But this is recommended only for individuals who are suffering from vigorous contractions or from deformities. This surgery repairs the bones, tendons and joints. This surgery results in placing the legs and arms in the right position. Some of the medicines can also be used as cures for this disorder. Diazepam can be used to relax the muscles. This medicine makes the stiff or contracted muscles to relax. Botox injections can also be used for handling the muscle cramps. This injection also controls the involuntary contractions seen in the individual suffering from cerebral palsy.
At times the above mentioned treatments or therapies may not work for some patients. If such situation occurs, then the patient must undergo nerves breakup. Doctor severs nerves which are attached to the compressing muscles. As a result patient gets relieved of pain and hence can control the muscle cramps. Thus above mentioned therapies or medicines can be considered as cerebral palsy temporary cures which makes the patient pain free for certain period of time. While it is not a permanent solution, it does help to know that there are options available that work moderately well.
As of right now, there is no official cure for cerebral palsy, but there are many scientists and doctors who are confident that a cure could be found. Good medical training and patient care can definitely help prevent many of the cases of this terrible disease from ever happening.
For more information on this disease, or to watch a cerebral palsy video visit http://cerebral-palsy-types.com/.
Tell Tale Signs of Cerebral Palsy You Should Be Aware Of
Cerebral palsy is a condition that affects infants and children during the first few years of their life. It can be mild and hardly noticeable in some cases, while in other cases the child can be completely disabled. It can prevent them from growing and developing at a normal rate. CP is the result of brain damage that can be caused before or after birth. It can be the result of a brain defect, a lesion on the brain, trauma or infection. Knowing the signs of cerebral palsy can help you identify and come to terms with the condition.
Some forms of juvenile cerebral palsy or CP is found in every two or three children out of every one thousand born in the United States. That's an astonishing figure. The good news is, many of these cases are mild enough that the patient can move on and live a fairly normally life. The earlier they receive treatment for this condition the better it will be because it will help them adjust and learn how to live with CP easier. That's why knowing the signs of cerebral palsy can be extremely beneficial.
Cerebral palsy symptoms include having trouble developing simple motor skills such as sitting up, walking, holding things and so forth. Now, this doesn't mean that if your child can't sit up when they are four months old but your neighbor's child did, that they have CP. All children develop at different rates and what is normal for one will not be normal for another. This is true even for different children in the same family. Therefore, you need to not jump to conclusion but simply be alert.
Other signs that could prove to be more of a factor in determining if your child has cerebral palsy include hypotonia, which is a decrease in muscle tone and hypertonia, an increase in muscle tone. Other signs to be concerned with are involuntary movements, body shakes and tremors along with unusual posture that causes the child to favor one side more than the other.
It's a difficult thing to find out your child has cerebral palsy because it's not curable, but fortunately there are treatments. The sooner you discover that your child has this condition, the sooner you can begin treatments that will help them in the future. If you notice something unusual but you're not sure if it's important, talk to your child's doctor to see what they think and if it's something they believe you should monitor more closely.
If it's believed that your child may have cerebral palsy, your doctor will ask you a series of questions that will help them determine if this could be the problem and if so, to what degree your child may be affected. It's important for you to monitor your child carefully and write down what you notice that would be considered unusual, when these signs take place and how often they occur.
Starting up a journal is the easiest way to record this information. The questions will be followed up with a variety of test and they will discuss the results with you. Knowing the signs of cerebral palsy can help you determine if your child is developing at a healthy normal rate.
Read more about the signs of cerebral palsy. Visit Cerebral Palsy Help.
Etiology of Cerebral Palsy and Methods to Prevent It
Cerebral palsy, or CP, is a disorder which leads to various neurological problems. There are certain standard symptoms of this disease like difficulty in muscular movements, stiffness of muscles, spasticity of muscles, lowered muscle coordination, complications in walking, involuntary movements etc. The severity of the disorder varies from person to person. It may be severe in some individuals where the patient needs to be totally dependent on others. Some may be capable of living independent life. Medical research has proven that around 90 percent of cases occur before birth. Some of the factors which include in etiology of cerebral palsy are low birth weight, bacterial infections, and blood incompatibility. The risk of cerebral palsy also might increase if the mother is suffering from chicken pox, toxoplasmosis, or from syphilis etc.
The mother should be vaccinated in order to prevent chicken pox or measles during pregnancy. Sexual disease like syphilis can also be prevented which leads to cerebral palsy if left untreated. This disease can also be developed due to stroke experienced at the time of pregnancy. Exposure to encephalitis is also another cause of this particular disorder. At times pregnant woman would get exposed to certain chemical accidentally and this would also result in cerebral palsy by affecting brain development of the child.
The above mentioned factors are the potential etiology of cerebral palsy. These etiologies can be prevented by a regular physician visits or by certain very simple precautions. A pregnant lady should always avoid toxins or any chemicals. Immunization records and fetus blood compatibility must be tracked on a regular basis during pregnancy. As gestational diabetes is believed to be one of the causes of CP even this diabetes should be avoided in order to prevent CP. All in all a pregnant woman must avoid consuming unapproved medications and also must treat even a minor infection.
Medical science has yet not found a cure for Cerebral Palsy. The treatment generally given to the patients is to prevent complications that could occur due to this disease, not to remove it, since that may very well prove to be impossible. There are organizations which help affected children, learn to overcome their difficulties using a system of learning called Conductive Education, but this is limited to very few countries in Europe. Hopefully in the future, this will become more widespread, but this therapy is still in it's infantile stages, and has not yet made it to the United States.
If you're reading this article, you need to know more about cerebral palsy statistics and how to prevent this awful disease. Learn more at http://cerebral-palsy-types.com/
Cognitive Neuroscience of Aging: Linking Cognitive and Cerebral Aging
Until very recently, our knowledge about the neural basis of cognitive aging was based on two disciplines that had very little contact with each other. Whereas the neuroscience of aging investigated the effects of aging on the brain independently of age-related changes in cognition, the cognitive psychology of aging investigated the effects of aging on cognition independently of age-related changes in the brain. The lack of communication between these two disciplines is currently being addressed by an increasing number of studies that focus on the relationships between cognitive aging and cerebral aging. This rapidly growing body of research has come to constitute a new discipline, which may be called cognitive neuroscience of aging. The goal of Cognitive Neuroscience of Aging is to introduce the reader to this new discipline at a level that is useful to both professionals and students in the domains of cognitive neuroscience, cognitive psychology, neuroscience, neuropsychology, neurology, and other, related areas.This book is divided into four main sections. The first section describes noninvasive measures of cerebral aging, including structural (e.g., volumetric MRI), chemical (e.g., dopamine PET), electrophysiological (e.g., ERPs), and hemodynamic (e.g., fMRI), and discusses how they can be linked to behavioral measures of cognitive aging. The second section reviews evidence for the effects of aging on neural activity during different cognitive functions, including perception and attention, imagery, working memory, long-term memory, and prospective memory. The third section focuses on clinical and applied topics, such as the distinction between healthy aging and Alzheimers disease and the use of cognitive training to ameliorate age-related cognitive decline. The last section describes theories that relate cognitive and cerebral aging, including models accounting for functional neuroimaging evidence and models supported by computer simulations. Taken together, the chapters in this volume provide the first unified and comprehensive overview of the new discipline of cognitive neuroscience of aging.
Price: $39.95
martedì 31 maggio 2011
State Some Causes of Cerebral Palsy
Many parents are happiest when they see their child for the first time right after its birth. No other moment is more scared than this. However, while some parents rejoice at the birth of their child other parents are crest fallen and dejected because their newborn child has been diagnosed with cerebral palsy. The question why does only my baby have cerebral palsy is in the minds of these affected parents. There is only one simple answer, which every physician gives to these anxious parents. Your child has brain damage!
Parents will then ask the next question to their doctor and that is "Why does my baby have brain damage in the first place?" Well the simple answer to both these questions would be children could get brain damage due to many causes and reasons. However, the main cause of cerebral palsy would be damage to the brain.
The brain consists of numerous tiny cells, which perform a number of actions. The brain is the smartest computer on earth and no other computer which is man made can compete with this tiny soft tissue of hundreds of cells. The brain is the authority, which gives commands to different parts of the body to perform different actions. When the part of the brain, which is in control of the muscles in the limbs, is damaged then the child develops cerebral palsy. There fore the main cause of cerebral palsy is damage to the brain. Injury to parts of the baby's brain while it is still in the womb, while being delivered, or just after birth can lead to cerebral palsy in the child.
The tissues and cells in the brain of an infant before and after it is born is very delicate. The brain needs oxygen to survive and develop. If it is denied the oxygen, it needs then the cells can die a natural death leading to cerebral palsy in the child. This can happen when the umbilical cord connecting the unborn baby and mother becomes coiled around the baby's neck causing an insufficient supply of oxygen to the brain of the infant. Some babies fail to get the desired volume of oxygen due to their mother's high blood pressure. This also can cause cerebral palsy by damaging certain cells in the brain.
Medical mistakes are also another major cause for cerebral palsy in babies and children. This usually happens during and after birth. Moms to be should also abstain from alcoholic drinks, drugs and any other injurious medicines that can lead to lack of brain development in the unborn child in the womb. These are some of the major causes of cerebral palsy in children. While most parents find it difficult to find out what exactly caused cerebral palsy in their children, researchers are trying their best to determine exact causes too. Researchers have found that birth trauma could be a major cause of thousands of children suffering from cerebral palsy. This has led to more research so that exact causes of cerebral palsy can be determined.
Melvin Kops, the author of many articles regarding health, nutrition and medicine is an expert in his field. Well qualified in medicine, Kops has been writing about various diseases, their causes and their possible cures. Having a keen interest in writing, Kops has coupled his knowledge of medicine with his flair of writing to dispense information about various diseases and cures.
Cerebral Palsy Attorney
Parents are hit hard the moment they learn that their child has cerebral palsy. After nine months of expecting the baby's birth, parents are often devastated when that baby is inflicted by an impairment caused by damage to the brain.
Cerebral palsy is a condition of the brain that affects the control of muscles and movement. It is non-progressive ailment yet often incapacitates the patient. A child with cerebral palsy is often shackled to a wheelchair and required a lifetime of professional medical care. The child's parents will suffer emotionally and will be forced to carry the heavy burden, both physical and financial.
The financial consequence to a lifelong treatment of cerebral palsy is the most difficult thing to handle by most parents. A rough estimate on the totaled expenses of a lifetime of treatment costs is equivalent to over $500,000. This figure is quite overwhelming, especially when there's no one to ask help from.
Parents can turn to a cerebral palsy lawyer for legal help. This is especially true when the circumstances that lead to occurrence of it to a child are caused by bad medical practice.
Can You Really Blame Medical Malpractice for Cerebral Palsy?
In the US alone, thousands of babies and young children are diagnosed with cerebral palsy each year. The causes of cerebral palsy are still uncertain, but many evidences from numerous studies have shown that the damage to the brain incurred during and/or after childbirth may result to this.
The incurable cerebral palsy is believed to be caused by brain damage; but the factors that could lead to brain damage are certainly preventable. The hospital administration, the hospital staff, and the medical personnel are all responsible for the safety of both the baby and the mother during the birthing process. A number of measures should be taken by the hospital medical staff to provide protection to all patients.
Some basic precautionary measures are as follows:
Provide adequate oxygen supply to both the mother and the baby during delivery;
Examine the mother and child for any maternal or fetal infections so that diagnosis and treatment can be done immediately;
Prepare to perform a C-section operation to deliver child in case of emergency;
Knowledgeable use of equipment for child delivery; namely, vacuum extraction device and forceps; and,
Detect indications of fetal distress and respond at once.
Everyone in the medical profession knows that failure to abide to these basic safety rules may cause irrevocable damage to the brain of the newborn, which may result to cerebral palsy.
Contact a Cerebral Palsy Lawyer If:
The mother suffered difficulty while in labor and during child delivery.
The mother had an operation by C-section.
The baby was born by normal delivery but with use of forceps and/or vacuum extraction.
The baby needed resuscitation or had a seizure right after birth.
The baby had an infection (viral or bacterial), like meningitis.
The baby had jaundice.
Both the mother and the baby suffered any kind of complications during childbirth.
David Austin is an Attorney focused on complex injury cases. You can learn more about Cerebral Palsy Attorney at his website, Burke-Eisner.com
Cerebral Plasticity: New Perspectives
The notion that neurons in the living brain can change in response to experience--a phenomenon known as "plasticity"--has become a major conceptual issue in neuroscience research as well as a practical focus for the fields of neural rehabilitation and neurodegenerative disease. Early work dealt with the plasticity of the developing brain and demonstrated the critical role played by sensory experience in normal development. Two broader themes have emerged in recent studies: the plasticity of the adult brain (one of the most rapidly developing areas of current research) and the search for the underlying mechanisms of plasticity--explanations for the cellular, molecular, and epigenetic factors controlling plasticity. Many scientists believe that achieving a fundamental understanding of what underlies neuronal plasticity could help us treat neurological disorders and even improve the learning capabilities of the human brain. This volume offers contributions from leaders in the field that cover all three approaches to the study of cerebral plasticity. Chapters treat normal development and the influences of environmental manipulations; cerebral plasticity in adulthood; and underlying mechanisms of plasticity. Other chapters deal with plastic changes in neurological conditions and with the enhancement of plasticity as a strategy for brain repair.
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Questions About Cerebral Palsy
What is the cerebral palsy (CP) exactly?
Cerebral palsy is a disorder that occurs at a time in a child's development, the motor cells in the central nervous system, is chronic and progressive disorder or disability due to brain tissue that has not finished growing. Although the cerebral lesion is static and not progressive, but the development of signs of peripheral neurons will change due to cerebral maturation.
When a child began to suffer from cerebral palsy. Is it still in the womb or after birth?
There are several types. At the time of prenatal, during partus, and postnatal. In prenatal cases, nutrients and disturbance on the fetus could be why. While in partus, from the vacuum case can occur. Cerebral Palsy cases in can be caused by postnatal infection, such as meningitis. Baby at birth is very vulnerable and susceptible viruses. If already infected, the virus can directly attack the brain. When brain damage, this disease can occur. Parents can also get this disease. So this is depending on risk factors. If present, has a lot of immunization, so rarely infected.
What specific characteristics of cerebral palsy?
Any delay in the process of child development. For example, 1.5-year-olds can not walk yet, it should be expected. Another symptom is a neck that is still weak at the time the baby has reached the age of three months. Essentially, This is a developmental disorder, not a growth disorder. Only in some patients, no motor disturbances occurred. In the early stages, is not accompanied by symptoms of fever. However, if the Cerebral Palsy is caused by infection with an illness, fever may appear.
How is the brain, from children with CP, whether due to injury or certain disabilities?
This Disease is not caused by injury to the brain. Implicitly rather than injury, but due to lack of oxygen supply to certain parts of the brain that causes the damaged section. This chance of damage becomes permanent damage. But with special care, the level of damage can be repaired to as much as 90 percent.
Does it matter to the intelligence?
Intelligence is not always disturbed in people with CP. There are patients who can go to school instead and achieve. Many patients can even continue their education up to university. All depends on the severity of Cerebral Palsy suffered.
Is Mikrosefali identical with cerebral palsy?
Mikrosefali is a state the size of the head circumference is smaller than standard size I was thinking that mikrosefali was always identical with CP but in fact children who suffer mikrosefali and late in its development is not necessarily cerebral palsy.
Would it be annoying sufferer independence level of patient? Does the patient continue to depend on others and can not fend for himself?
In the UK and Scandinavia 20-25% of patients with this disease are able to work as a labor management; as much as 30-35% of all CP patients with mental retardation require special care. Best prognosis in mild-degree functional. Prognosis gain weight if accompanied by mental retardation, seizures resurrection, vision and hearing disorders.
How about the cerebral palsy treatment?
There is no specific treatment for CP. Therapy is symptomatic, which is expected to improve the condition of the patient. Very early therapy can prevent or reduce the neurological symptoms. To determine the type of therapy or training provided and to determine its success, it is necessary to consider classification of CP based on the degree of functional ability of mild degree, medium and heavy. The goal of therapy is to help patients and their families improve motor function and prevent deformities and emotional adjustment and education so that patients may need a little help from others, patients are expected to be independent.
Drugs that are given depend on the symptoms that arise. For example, patient should be given anti-seizure seizures. For can be given baclofen and diazepam. If symptoms appear is nigiditas, it can be given levodopa Therapy may be needed orthopedic surgery and neurological surgery to reconstruct the deformities that occur.
Actually, CP will suffer lifelong. Doctors just do therapy to maximize function. Suppose to help the development of patient's legs. Previously could not walk, and with therapy and exercise, their muscles relaxed and can walk.
Reference: Cerebral Palsy in Children
This paper published by the Medical Online Media. We provide information about health, disease symptom and medical advice. You can find and access various health information based on topics by free.
Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain: 3-D Proportional System: An Approach to Cerebral Imaging (Thieme Classics)
Special features of the book include: a full, three-dimensional atlas of the human brain; a series of anatomic sections done for the frontal, horizontal, and sagittal planes; practical examples for use in neuroradiologic examinations; and basal lines forming a frame of reference that defines orientation and spatial position of structures within the cerebral mass. This stereotaxic process is designed to maximize accuracy, reliability, and safety.
The information in this valuable atlas is essential for all radiologists, neurologists, neurosurgeons, and all specialists involved in the neurosciences. Use this practical mapping tool for understanding the pathologic processes of the human brain, order today!
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Information on Cerebral Palsy That Every Parent Should Know
What is cerebral palsy and how does it affect patients? Many parents still don't know much about cerebral palsy and it's not something they think about very often. That is, unless it's affecting a member of their family. Cerebral palsy or CP is a serious condition that affects two or three children out of every 1,000 born each year. With so many cases in the US it would seem like more people would be educated on the topic but there are many people who couldn't tell you what it is or how it affects patients. It is crucial that people, especially parents obtain information on CP to easier identify this condition.
Any child can get CP because the exact cause is unknown and there is no cure. It's not inherited and it's not contagious but it can show up within the first few years of a child's life. If your child is diagnosed with CP, there are treatments that may help but it's something they will have to live with for the rest of their life. Considering this fact, more parents should be aware of the signs and symptoms of CP so they know what to look for if their child is having problems.
Cerebral palsy is a group of disorders that affect the developing brain causing many problems. It can be a defect or a lesion on the brain the child was born with. It could be due to trauma that occurred during or after childbirth. It can even be caused by an infection. Whatever, the reason a child ends up with the condition, early detection is very important. This article aims to give you some information on cerebral palsy.
CP causes cognitive and motor impairment that prevents the child from being able to control their reflexes and muscles. Some of the complications that are closely associated with CP include hearing impairment and vision problems. It can cause mental disabilities and cause the patient to have gastrointestinal dysfunctions as well. Tooth decay and seizures are also closely related to cerebral palsy.
Symptoms will vary with each child and can be severe or mild. In some cases, you may barely even notice there is a problem. The child may simply experience a little awkwardness or be a little slower than normal when they walk or talk. Still, most of these children can grow up to live happy productive lives.
Severe cerebral palsy, on the other hand, will require the assistance of a nursing care plan for cerebral palsy in order to care for the child efficiently. It can be very difficult for the whole family when a child has this condition because they won't even be able to perform simple task such as brushing their teeth, feeding themselves or even getting dressed. Everything is a challenge and they are prone to accidents so constant supervision is necessary.
Of course, there is a wide range in-between the mild and serious cases that affect millions of children and adults all across the United States. It may be a hard thing to accept but the more you know about this condition the better. It will help you to recognize symptoms better for early detection so you can get your child the care they need and deserve much faster. Once you have obtained sufficient information on cerebral palsy be sure to pass it on to all the people if your life. In doing so you can help people understand and come to terms with cerebral palsy.
Read more about information on cerebral palsy. Visit http://www.cerebralpalsyhelp.net
domenica 29 maggio 2011
What Are the Symptoms of Cerebral Palsy?
Cerebral palsy falls into three different categories namely spastic cerebral palsy, Athetotic palsy and Ataxic cerebral palsy. Cerebral palsy is a disorder that occurs when the part of the cells that makes up the part of the brain in control of muscular movements are damaged or destroyed.
The signs and symptoms of more than a single type of cerebral palsy can be seen in a mixed condition in some children. However, generally the signs and symptoms exhibited by children with cerebral palsy could be from mild to even severe. The symptoms of cerebral palsy however do not get worse as the child grows.
The signs and symptoms of cerebral palsy in children include stiffness in muscles and spasticity when the muscles become completely frozen, a walking gait that is asymmetrical with either one foot or leg, which they tend to drag. They have lack of muscle co ordination when they perform actions. Their muscles could be either too stiff or floppy and they will show signs of excessive drooling because they are unable to swallow anything even the saliva. This can be seen especially when they suck something or when they are speaking. Tremors can be seen on their body and they will find it difficult to perform simple actions like buttoning a shirt or suing a pencil or pen to write something. Though some children with cerebral palsy can show signs of mental retardation, others are very bright and intelligent. While some may need assistance to go about their daily lives there are still others who may need special care and the use of a wheel chair.
In infants who are suffering from cerebral palsy the signs are obvious from an early age itself. If parents notice that their infants are not making the milestones that infants of the same age group are making then they have to seek medical assistance to diagnose if their infant has cerebral palsy. Infants may take more time to roll over or even difficulty I controlling their heads. They may be very slow when it comes to crawling and standing or even walking. Parents need to watch for these signs in their infants and if they feel that their infant is not making any headway in walking or even crawling by the time it is 18 months old then it is obvious that their infant has cerebral palsy.
Another sign in children with cerebral palsy is seizures and abnormal movements. Seizures occur because of electrical short circuits that take place in the brain. If you happen to see a child who has difficulty in swallowing or even while speaking with their saliva drooling from their mouths then you can be sure that that the child has cerebral palsy as drooling is a sign of this disorder. Drooling happens because of the child's difficulty to control and move not only its tongue and mouth but also its throat muscles.
All these above signs and symptoms are sure indications that you child has cerebral palsy. You need to consult your physician immediately.
Melvin Kops, the author of many articles regarding health, nutrition and medicine is an expert in his field. Well qualified in medicine, Kops has been writing about various diseases, their causes and their possible cures. Having a keen interest in writing, Kops has coupled his knowledge of medicine with his flair of writing to dispense information about various diseases and cures.
Cerebral Vascular Accident
Cerebrovascular accident is the medical term for an event more commonly known as "stroke" and for the purpose of this assignment the word "stroke" will be used. A stroke is a sudden event affecting the blood vessels of the brain. Stroke is the third leading cause of death in the United States and the second leading cause of death in the world (Lopez et al, 2001).
With treatment, stroke prevention and therapy are advancing all the time. The outlook for those who suffer ischemic or subarachnoid episodes continues to improve. The key to all success where stroke is concerned is early diagnosis and subsequent treatment. An individual is more at risk of suffering a stroke if they have:
Suffered a stroke previously
Suffered a myocardial infarction
Had a transient ischemic attack (mini-stroke)
Have an artificial heart valve
Suffer uncontrolled hypertension
Are diabetic
Are known to have raised cholesterol
Have a family history of strokes
Any one or combination of the above can provide predisposing factors for having a stroke. Patients who suffer these types of risk factors or conditions are encouraged to carry on them some form of identification of the fact, so that in the event of a medical emergency or unexpected hospital admission physicians may be able to determine a diagnosis or cause for the problem more quickly. There are several different types of stroke all with different causes and presenting symptoms, this learning material focuses on the three main types of stroke:
Ischemic Stroke Ischemic stroke is known to be the most common type accounting for around 80% of all strokes. It is caused by a clot or other blockage within an artery leading to the brain (Stroke Center, date unknown). The presenting symptoms of an ischemic stroke include:
Headache
Muscle weakness
Paralysis
Reduced/lost sensation on one side of the body
Dysphasia ( difficulty speaking)
Confusion/incoherence
Visual disturbance
Loss of co-ordination and balance
Dizziness
Diagnosis is usually based on symptoms and results of physical examination, imaging tests and blood tests (Merck Manuals, 2007). There is no blood test or electrocardiogram (ECG) specific for stroke, and CT scans may be entirely normal for up to six hours after acute onset of stroke. Thus the neurologist becomes an irreplaceable member of the team to acutely evaluate stroke patients (Llinas, 2006). A condition called "atherosclerosis" is commonly the cause of the blockage of the blood vessel, and atherosclerosis pertains to fatty deposits that accumulate on the walls of the vessels causing a disruption or total blockage to the much needed blood supply to the brain. These fatty deposits can cause two types of obstruction:
Cerebral thrombosis - this refers to a thrombus (blood clot) that develops at the clogged part of the vessel.
Cerebral embolism - this refers generally to a blood clot that forms at another location in the circulatory system, usually the heart and large arteries of the upper chest and neck. A portion of the blood clot breaks loose, enters the bloodstream and travels through the brains blood vessels until it reaches vessels too small to let it pass. A second important cause of embolism is an irregular heartbeat, known as atrial fibrillation. It creates conditions where clots can form in the heart, dislodge and travel to the brain. (American Stroke Association, 2008) Rapid intervention is required to provide optimal treatment for the patient who has suffered an acute ischemic stroke. Early assessment and rapid intervention are crucial to avoid the risk of permanent disability or at worse death. The use of rapid assessment and early intervention is essential in all presenting cases. Thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator has been labeled for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke, but it must be given within three hours of stroke onset. However, fibrinolytic therapy can be given safely to only a fraction of patients with acute stroke, and more broadly applicable therapies are needed. Recent evidence does not support the routine use of heparin in patients with acute stroke, and early use of aspirin offers only modest benefit (Benavente and Hart, 1999). The use of Aspirin to treat those who have had an ischemic stroke is not uncommon, Aspirin works in such a way as to thin the blood to sufficient levels to avoid the formation of blood clots that can cause such events.
Intra-cerebral Hemorrhage (ICH) An intra-cerebral hemorrhage is one of two types of hemorrhagic stroke and is a type of stroke caused by the sudden rupture of an artery within the brain. Blood is then released into the brain, compressing brain structures (Stroke Center, date unknown). The most common cause of intra-cerebral hemorrhage is hypertension. Difficulties arise when individuals experience high blood pressure without knowledge of the fact, as more often than not hypertension does not display any adverse symptoms. There are some less common causes of intra-cerebral hemorrhage and these include:
Trauma (particularly head injury)
Infection (systemic)
Abnormalities with individual blood vessels
Blood clotting disorders
Oral anticoagulation is another factor that contributes to the increasing incidence of intra-cerebral hemorrhage. As the population continues to age, the number of indications for long-term anticoagulation continue to increase (Ansell et al, 2001). Because of the high mortality rate of patients who have suffered intra-cerebral hemorrhage often is the case that anticoagulation therapy is avoided due to possible undesirable effects such as ICH. Intra-cerebral hemorrhages tend to begin abruptly and the patient will usually experience a severe headache. Other presenting symptoms may also be:
Weakness, paralysis or loss of sensation usually affecting one side of the body only.
Slurred speech
Confusion or altered level of comprehension
Loss of consciousness
Brain CT or MRI scan is the popular diagnostic tool in the case of ICH. Results are quick and conclusive therefore allowing management of the problem to begin without delay. At this current time there is no FDA approved treatment for intra-cerebral hemorrhage, unlike other types of stroke. Treatment depends on the location, cause, and extent of the hemorrhage. Surgery may be needed, especially if there is bleeding in the cerebellum. Surgery may also be performed to repair or remove structures causing the bleed such as a cerebral aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation (Dr Koop, 2006). The prognosis for intra-cerebral hemorrhage is more likely to be fatal than that of ischemic stroke. Bleeding is usually more severe and damage to the brain profound. Where death does not occur, there is nearly always depleted brain function.
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH) A subarachnoid hemorrhage is also a type of stroke caused by the sudden rupture of an artery. This type of stroke is the second type of "hemorrhagic stroke". A subarachnoid hemorrhage differs slightly from an intracerebral hemorrhage in that the location of the rupture leads to blood filling the space surrounding the brain rather than inside of it (Stroke Center, date unknown). The most common cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage is abnormalities in the blood arteries at the base of the brain. These are called "aneurysms". The arteries swell and become weak they can then rupture causing the hemorrhage to occur. Known risk factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage include:
Smoking
Putative factors such as: increasing age, female gender, black race, alcohol abuse, binge drinking.
Increased risk with high body mass index has been suggested.
And causative factors include:
Trauma
Vascular malformations of the brain or spinal cord
Blood dyscrasias
Less commonly reported: tumors, infection and vasculopathies.
(Neuroland, date unknown)
When an intracranial aneurysm ruptures into the subarachnoid compartment, it causes a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). An estimated 10% of SAH cases result in sudden death due to the rapid and marked increases in intracranial pressure caused by the ruptured aneurysm (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 2006). Rapid diagnosis is essential in all cases of SAH, as treatment is possible even if the outcome is not always a positive one. Head CT scan is the commonest diagnostic imaging used in suspected cases of SAH. Not only is the test one which is easy to arrange and quick to perform it also gives clear and concise data on the extent of damage, if any to the brain. In cases where CT brain appears normal a lumbar puncture would be the next test as in some cases blood can be detected in the spinal fluid obtained during the test.
There are varying types of symptoms of a subarachnoid hemorrhage however acute onset of severe headache is the most common. This is often associated with vomiting, and in serious cases coma occurs soon after the cerebral aneurism has ruptured. Surgery is one option in the treatment of SAH, if the hemorrhage is due to an injury or ruptured aneurysm. If no blood clot or aneurysm is identified then medical management is the way forward. For some with extensive damage death is likely and despite treatment cannot be avoided. Where medical management is possible, treatment may be as follows:
Use of intravenous anti-hypertensives is preferable, as high blood pressure will undoubtedly exacerbate the problems and risks.
Analgesia and anti-anxiety medications are also helpful to minimize pain and distress caused by the event.
In many cases anti-seizure treatment such as 'Phenytoin' is given as patients can be at risk of seizures due to increased pressure in the brain.
Bed rest to avoid exertion and subsequent pressure to the brain will be recommended.
Avoidance of straining is also essential, and in most cases patients are given stool softeners and/or laxatives to assist bowel movements and avoid straining.
With treatment is 'stroke' prevention and therapy advancing all the time the outlook for those who suffer ischemic or subarachnoid episodes continues to improve. The key to all success where stroke is concerned is early diagnosis and subsequent treatment.
Michael Morales
http://www.vitalethics.org/firstaid.html
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Hypothermia and Cerebral Ischemia: Mechanisms and Clinical Applications
A comprehensive review of the scientific and clinical studies that have led to the resurgence of interest in hypothermia as a neuroprotective strategy in the treatment of stroke and traumatic brain injury. Topics of special importance include intraoperative and intensive care management of hypothermia-treated patients, a critical look at the potential for combining hypothermia with pharmacotherapy, and an update on the latest technological advances that have made hypothermic treatment possible in today's clinical setting.Price: $125.00
Treating Cerebral Palsy With Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy
What is Cerebral Palsy?
The term cerebral palsy refers to a class of disorders which results in severely impaired motor skills, leading to spastic movements, loss of fine motor control, and awkwardly contracted muscles. While the exact cause of cerebral palsy is cannot always be determined, complications or injuries sustained during birth account for many cases of cerebral palsy.
There is no known cure for cerebral palsy; it is a lifelong disorder. However, with intensive treatment and therapy regimens, as well as attention and care from parents and medical personnel, many children with cerebral palsy can become functional, relatively independent adults.
An Overview of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) is the administration of high concentrations of pure oxygen in a strong- but controlled-pressure environment. Originally developed as a treatment for decompression sickness in divers, HBOT essentially creates an extremely oxygen-rich blood supply and internal body environment. HBOT has also proven effective in promoting the healing process for severe burn victims and patients with severe, slow-healing wounds.
HBOT for cerebral palsy is generally administered at a pressure equivalent to being 16.5-25 feet below sea level, in one-hour sessions. Studies have supported the benefits of HBOT in cerebral palsy patients, improving the patients' speech, hearing, and vision capabilities, while reducing spasticity by up to 50%.
Scientists theorize that the effectiveness of HBOT in treating the symptoms of cerebral palsy goes back to the root causes of cerebral palsy. In patients with cerebral palsy, the brain has difficulty communicating with the rest of the body, leading to the characteristic spastic, jerky movements. In some cases, where cerebral palsy is caused by traumatic head injuries tied to birth complications, a lack of oxygen flow to and increased swelling in certain areas of the brain causes these sections to fall into a dormant state. The hyper-oxygenated environment created by HBOT appears to promote a revival of these dormant areas and reduce the brain swelling by constricting blood vessels.
As with many forms of treatment, HBOT has proven more effective if administered in the early stages of cerebral palsy; however, some evidence exists which shows benefits for HBOT even years after symptoms first appear.
The risks of properly-administered HBOT are fairly minor. The most common side effect of HBOT therapy is ear discomfort, similar to the effect of rapidly ascending in an airplane. This is due to the pressure differential created by the HBOT's high-pressure environment. In very rare cases, damage to the eardrum may result if the pressure is not alleviated. Simple techniques such as swallowing, jaw movements, or the Valsalva maneuver are all able to equalize this pressure difference.
For more information on cerebral palsy and other birth injuries, visit the website of Williams Kherkher's birth injury attorneys at http://www.birth-injurylawyers.com
Joseph Devine
Cerebral Microbleeds: Pathophysiology to Clinical Practice
Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability throughout the world. About one in three symptomatic strokes are due to disease of small perforating arteries; however, most effective interventions are targeted at disease of large arteries. The underlying mechanisms and treatment of small vessel disease remain poorly understood. Microbleeds have emerged as a critical imaging marker of small vessel disease, being found in all types of stroke. With increasing evidence that microbleeds are caused by hypertensive arteriopathy and cerebral amyloid angiopathy, they are likely to play a strong future role in increasing our understanding of the causes of small vessel disease and the potential link between cerebrovascular disease and neurodegeneration. Cerebral Microbleeds summarizes our current knowledge, bringing together expert research from global authorities in the field. This authoritative and systematic text will be of interest to all clinical researchers and physicians in the fields of stroke and cognitive impairment.Price: $99.00
Cerebral Palsy Types
Cerebral palsy has affected over 500,000 children and adults throughout the country. Unfortunately this disorder has no cure. There are some treatments that will help to relieve some of the symptoms but for the most part it is not going to make it go away entirely.
Cerebral palsy affects the muscle tone, movement and motor skills. Generally the main cause of this disorder is brain damage that occurs during birth. But there are some instances that it has happened after birth.
Cerebral palsy has different types, the three different types are spastic cerebral palsy, athetoid cerebral palsy, and ataxic cerebral palsy.
Each of these types will affect you differently. Spastic will cause stiffness and make movement very difficult, they will be jerky movements rather then smooth. Athetoid causes random and involuntary movements throughout your entire body, including your face. Ataxic cerebral palsy will cause poor coordination of movements, and your balance and coordination will make it difficult to walk. This type of cerebral palsy is rare, but it does affect more then enough people.
No matter which type of cerebral palsy you have it will affect muscle control and coordination making the normal routines very difficult to do such as breathing, going to the bathroom, or eating. Living with cerebral palsy is extremely difficult, and it's also hard for the caretaker as well. It can easily become very frustrating, but it should be kept in mind that it's also very hard for the person that is dealing with the disorder. Someone suffering from cerebral palsy is not necessarily dumb, they just can not articulate themselves because of the part of their brain that the cerebral palsy has affected. Imagine if you all of a sudden was unable to speak would that mean that you should be considered dumb. No you shouldn't just because you all of a sudden was unable to communicate verbally doesn't mean that you are dumb. Keep that in mind.
It's important that you look into the many different treatments for cerebral palsy, because they will help to alleviate some of the symptoms of the disorder. Some of these treatments will include physical therapy, speech therapy, and botox injections. I understand you may feel like what's the point of doing therapy if it is not going to completely get rid of all of the symptoms, but if you were given the chance to be able to function a bit easier wouldn't you want to take advantage of it, and this is what some of these therapy treatments will do for you.
P Abbey owns and operates http://www.cerebralpalsyissues.com - Cerebral Palsy
mercoledì 25 maggio 2011
Cerebral Palsy Discrimination Still a Problem
Ignorance and Thoughtlessness still result in Discrimination against Cerebral Palsy Victims
Rajiv Rajan recently made headlines for cerebral palsy discrimination when he was asked to disembark from an Air Sahara plane. Because he was wheelchair-bound and suffered from some of the symptoms of cerebral palsy, which can include lack of muscle control and movement, seizures, spasms, visual and hearing problems, and hyperactivity, they believed that it was a risk to have him on board, and requested he produce either a certificate showing he was fit to fly or another individual to accompany him. Since he had neither, he missed his flight to New Delhi, where he had business to conduct.
When Air Sahara refused to let him on board, he tried with another airline, SpiceJet, and was refused again. To add insult to injury, Air Sahara called the police, and even when police vouched for him, airline officials still refused to welcome Mr. Rajan aboard.
For Most, Cerebral Palsy Discrimination a Daily Occurrence
Most victims of cerebral palsy discrimination, however, never make the news. Ask anyone who has been diagnosed with cerebral palsy about getting a job, and you'll hear story after story of cerebral palsy employment discrimination. Even walking down the street, many people mistake the seizures and spasms for drunkenness. There have been cases where a display of the hyperactivity that accompanies cerebral palsy has resulted in some thinking that they are high on drugs.
Education, Putting Aside Assumptions, Key to the Solution
Organizations such as United Cerebral Palsy (UCP) and Scope attempt to educate the public to decrease this type of discrimination. Only when people are educated about the possible symptoms a person with cerebral palsy and similar diseases might show will discrimination begin to diminish.
Visit Cerebral Palsy Information for more cerebral palsy resources.
Several Kinds Of Cerebral Palsy Treatment
Those families have kids with cerebral palsy; think that there is no treatment for it. The only thing those families can do is search out the most excellent treatment for their children. The kind of treatment that could be done for a child depends on what kind of cerebral palsy he or she has. The medical professionals will decide what kind of treatment required by analyzing the characteristics of the patient.
By determining the kind of treatments is provided to a patient is done all the way through observing the patient as well as giving him or her number of tests. In such procedure a team of experts like psychologists, pediatricians and therapists will decide the treatment after going through the patient's test results. The kinds of treatment are as follows.
Physical therapy assists stretch the muscles with the cerebral palsy. It can take in muscles exercise, muscles massaging and perhaps using heat. The function for doing this is to help with motor control. It is a number of cases not easy for patients to communicate. The treatments let the patient to exchange a few words with other by means of speech therapy.
Occupational therapy is to help patients for daily living. It comprises household responsibilities and work efforts. There are medications for such patients help to relax their muscles. Those are dealing with muscle seizures as well as medications like Botox will get help from these procedures. Hearing aids or eyeglasses is another option for such patients. This cerebral palsy treatment will lend a hand to get better the injuries of the child.
When therapies do not work the there is need of surgery. In such circumstances surgery could be an alternative choice for the patient. It can assist to reduce spasticity plus it improves muscle tone as well. The cerebral palsy patients more often than not will need a number of assistive technologies like wheelchairs to facilitate them with daily jobs which they could be able to do otherwise.
From time to time the ordinary treatments are just not adequate for a patient. If it is the situation then other treatments could be applied like hyperbaric oxygen therapy which is known as HBOT. As well, the purpose of clinical trials is applied for developing new treatments for cerebral palsy patients.
These are the several kinds of cerebral palsy treatment which could be done after verifying the exact cause. It means that all these healing procedure can not be applied at once or one by one. As previously said, the very first thing is to determine the specific cause for this problem then the medical professionals can conduct the precise treatment to the cerebral palsy patient.
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